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In this review, hydrogels and their property and synthesis mechanism, as well as their application in biomedical along with gelatin chemistry and application, are reviewed. Gelatin has a very wide application other than hydrogels. One of the main biopolymers used for producing hydrogels is gelatin. Gelatins are natural driven protein polymers. Crosslinking can be developed either physically if secondary intermolecular forces are involved or chemically in which a covalent bond between polymeric chains is created. Networks that constitute the hydrogels are created by the crosslinking of either synthesized polymers starting from monomers or already developed polymers. Natural polymers and their derivatives along with synthetic polymers are used to form the hydrogels. Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymer networks that absorb any kind of liquid including biological fluids. e beneficiation of gelatin can result in their sustainable conversion into high-value biomaterials on the proviso of the existence or development of cost-effective, sustainable technologies for converting this biopolymer into useful bioproducts. Due to its nonimmunogenicity, nontoxicity, low cost, and high availability gelatin-based hydrogels could find applications in drug delivery carrier, bioink, transdermal therapy, wound healing, and tissue repair. Collagen pretreated with acid and pepsin was more efficiently extracted for gelatin compared to treatment without pepsin.Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymer networks that absorb any kind of liquid including biological fluids. Overall, the gelatin yield was affected by the type of pretreatment acid and more optimal gelatin extraction and gel properties were obtained when citric acid was used for extraction.
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Rheological analysis indicated that gelatin extracted with citric acid exhibited the highest maximum elastic modulus, gelling and melting temperature. Raman spectra revealed that all extracted gelatins had the similar secondary structure. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that citric acid disrupted more of the collagen structure compared with acetic acid and hydrochloric acid. Compared to no pepsin incubation group, bovine bone collagen treated with pepsin presented a higher yield ( P < 0.05). Under the different acid treatments, the yield of gelatin was significantly different (hydrochloric acid, 4.76% acetic acid, 4.26% citric acid, 6.00%). Pretreatment of bovine bone by different acids (hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and citric acid) with and without pepsin was performed at 70 ☌ for 7 h to extract gelatin. Effects of different acids and pepsin on the properties of gelatins extracted from bovine bone collagen were investigated.